 
THE RIO BLANCO PROJECT
Monterrico's principal asset is the large, wholly owned Rio Blanco Copper Project in northern Peru.
The company recently completed the Detailed Feasibility Study ("DFS") for Rio Blanco. The DFS is based on a conventional open pit mine operating at 25 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa) using flotation processing to produce separate copper and molybdenum concentrates. A summary of the results of the DFS was issued in a press release on 5 February 2007.
The Rio Blanco Deposit
Rio Blanco is a porphyry copper deposit which is situated at the northern end of the Peruvian copper-gold belt. The deposit was discovered in 1994. Monterrico acquired an option on the property in 2001 and, after a successful drilling programme, negotiated the acquisition of 100% of the project in 2003. The deposit lies in the lower Andes (2,200-2,800 masl) close to the border with Ecuador. The site is uninhabited and there is no conflict with agriculture.
The resources, which are located principally at Henry's Hill, have been estimated (at a 0.4% Cu cut-off grade) at 1,257 million tonnes at 0.57% copper and 228 ppm molybdenum. This makes Rio Blanco one of the largest undeveloped copper resources in the world today. There is also potential to expand the resource further by additional drilling.
Rio Blanco |
Million |
Cu |
Mo |
|
Rio Blanco |
Million |
Cu |
Mo |
Resources (1) |
tonnes |
% |
ppm |
|
Reserves (2) |
tonnes |
% |
ppm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Measured |
146 |
0.73 |
235 |
|
Proven |
133 |
0.74 |
232 |
Indicated |
670 |
0.56 |
234 |
|
Probable |
365 |
0.59 |
210 |
Inferred |
441 |
0.52 |
216 |
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
Resource Total |
1,257 |
0.57 |
228 |
|
Reserve Total |
498 |
0.63 |
216 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) Snowden -- March 2006 (JORC compliant) @ a 0.4% Cu cutoff.
(Based on 53,000m of diamond drilling (157 drill holes) & two adits.)
(2) NCL Ingenieria y Construccion SA - December 2006 @ a 0.38% Cu cutoff
The Detailed Feasibility Study
The DFS has been prepared for Monterrico by a team of independent consultancy companies under the leadership of Hatch Ingenieros y Consultores Ltda of Chile ("Hatch"):
COMPONENT OF THE DFS |
CONSULTANT |
Resource Estimation |
Snowden Ltd - “Snowden” |
Metallurgical Test Work |
SGS Lakefield Research Chile SA - “Lakefield” |
Mining Planning Studies |
NCL Ingenería y Construcción SA, - “NCL” |
Process Design, roads & powerline |
Hatch Ingenieros y Consultores Ltda - “Hatch” |
Tailings dam, water balance & geotechnical evaluation |
Knight Piésold Consultores SA - “Knight Piésold” |
Concentrate Pipeline Design |
PSI JRI Ingeneria Ltda - “PSI” |
Port Design |
Westmar Consultants Inc” Westmar” / Krupp Canada |
DFS Technical Report |
Hatch Ingenieros y Consultores Ltda - “Hatch” |
Social & Environmental Impact Assessment |
Knight Piésold Consultores SA - “ Knight Piésold” |
Hatch is the overall author of the DFS with responsibility for the collation of the data received from the other technical consultants in order to produce the final DFS documentation. Hatch's scope of work also includes infrastructure studies such as road access and power line.
The technical aspects of the DFS can be summarised as follows:
The DFS considers an open pit mining operation treating 25 million tonnes of ore per annum over an initial 20 year mine life. This is based on proven and probable reserves of 498 million tonnes at 0.63% copper and 216 ppm molybdenum, as detailed in the table above.
Metallurgical test work completed by Lakefield Research confirms that all ore types at Rio Blanco will be easy to process. Overall copper and molybdenum recoveries have been estimated at 87% and 51% respectively. The concentrates will have no or very low levels of deleterious elements and are therefore predicted to be highly saleable and not subject to penalties. Concentrate grades are forecast to be in the range: 26 - 30% copper and 35% molybdenum.
Tailings from the process plant will be dry stacked in a valley adjacent to the open pit. This method has many environmental benefits including lower water consumption; ease of water recycling; reduction in the area of land disturbed; it also allows rehabilitation and re-vegetation of the tailings site to be undertaken progressive, rather than at mine closure.
Although the initial plan is to truck the concentrates from the mine to the port, a study for a concentrate pipeline has been developed to full feasibility as an option for the future.
The project will require the construction of 25km of new road; upgrading 176km of existing road and the erection of a 220kV power line to connect the project to Peru's national grid (a distance of 200km).
Storage and loading facilities will be constructed at the port of Bayovar on the Pacific Coast, some 800km north of Lima, which is well placed for shipping the concentrates to smelters throughout the world.
Production
The mine plan focuses on treating the higher grade (supergene) ore first in order to accelerate cash flow. As a result, in the first year of operation the mine will produce about 224,000 tonnes of copper, plus about 1,800 tonnes of molybdenum. Average annual production over the first five years of operation will be about 191,000 tonnes of copper and 2,180 tonnes of molybdenum. At these rates of copper production, Rio Blanco would rank amongst the 20 largest copper mines in the world today, alongside Bingham Canyon (250kt), Los Bronces (225kt), Olympic Dam (190kt) and Ok Tedi (185kt). (Figures in brackets indicate average copper production rates for the last 3 years).
Economics
The main economic indicators of the Project over the initial five years of operation are:
Operating costs: |
41 c/lb copper (net of by-product credits) |
Average copper production: |
191,000t/a |
Capital cost: |
$965 million direct cost,
$1.44 billion total cost
including indirect costs & contingencies |
Project payback period: |
4 years |
The capital cost estimate has been prepared to an accuracy of -5%/+15%. Third party participation in the construction of the roads, power line and port facilities is being investigated in order to reduce costs. The capital costs are being refined and a breakdown will be presented when a review of the civil works and tailings costs has been completed. However, Hatch is confident that these adjustments will be within the overall accuracy level of the estimate. The operating costs and pay back period have been calculated using long-term copper price forecasts provided by Bloomsbury Minerals Economics Ltd.
Expansion Option and Upside Potential
An option to expand production to 50Mtpa after start-up, and utilise more of the resource, has been studied and will be further refined in due course. The expansion will more than maintain production levels and compensate for lower copper grades when the supergene ore has been worked out. The requirements for the upgrade have been included where practical in the DFS design.
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)
Monterrico has commissioned Knight Piésold (Peru) to complete an independent Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ("ESIA") as required by law and in compliance with international standards such as the Equator Principles. The object of the ESIA is to identify the impacts of the Project and to establish plans to manage each issue effectively and to the general satisfaction of the community and other stakeholders. The ESIA will be subject to a formal consultation process before the Project is approved and permitted. Meanwhile the Company has an active social programme with the local communities.
The target date for first production is 2011.
Resource Estimate
The Rio Blanco resource was calculated by Snowden Mining Industry Consultants Pty Limited. It is classified according to the Australasian Code for Reporting of Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves (The JORC Code) prepared by the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy; the Australian Institute of Geoscientists and the Minerals Council of Australia.
The following table summarises the Rio Blanco resource at a cut-off grade of 0.4% copper. The resource is located principally at Henry's Hill, with a small contribution from the adjacent Soho deposit. The estimate is based on 53,000 m of diamond drilling (157 drill holes) & samples from two adits.
| Zones |
Classification |
Tonnes
(Mt) |
Copper
(%) |
Molybdenum
parts per million
(ppm) |
Supergene |
Measured |
71 |
0.88 |
150 |
|
Indicated |
197 |
0.67 |
138 |
|
Inferred |
90 |
0.57 |
113 |
|
Sub total |
358 |
0.69 |
134 |
Hypogene |
Measured |
75 |
0.57 |
317 |
|
Indicated |
473 |
0.52 |
274 |
|
Inferred |
351 |
0.51 |
242 |
|
Sub total |
899 |
0.52 |
265 |
Total |
Measured |
146 |
0.73 |
235 |
|
Indicated |
670 |
0.56 |
234 |
|
Inferred |
441 |
0.52 |
216 |
|
Grand Total |
1,257 |
0.57 |
228 |
|
Geological Resource Estimate at a cut off grade of 0.4% Copper
Prepared by Snowden (March 2006) to comply with JORC 2004 standards |
Rio Blanco - Geology
The Rio Blanco Porphyry Copper Project is located close to the frontier with Ecuador; it represents the northern extremity of the copper-gold belt of the northern Peruvian Sierras. This Tertiary porphyry/epithermal metallogenic belt, which extends for over 1,000 km, hosts a number of world class deposits including: Yanacocha, Santa Rosa, Alto Chicama, Cerro Corona, Peirina, Sipan, La Granja, Michiquillay, and Carpa. As is common in the circum-Pacific, the epithermal gold deposits are hosted by Tertiary continental arc-volcanics, while the copper and copper-gold porphyry systems are characterised by small porphyritic intrusions.
Regional Geology
Two principal rock units occur in the region, the Portocello batholith, and siliceous Palaeozoic metasediments. The Portocello batholith is of granodioritic composition and is part of a sequence of Tertiary batholiths that characterise southern Ecuador and northern Peru. The batholith intrudes the tectonised Palaeozoic metasediments. These comprise principally phyllites, but also quartzites and gneisses.
Into these units, a porphyry complex, the Rio Blanco Porphyry System, was intruded. Its contacts with the Portocello Batholith are convoluted, ill-defined, and brecciated. The contact with the phyllites is a faulted contact.
Project Geology
The Rio Blanco porphyry system is a multi-phased intrusive complex. The porphyry complex has a quartz porphyry core (exposed in Quebrada Majaz), which intruded an earlier feldspar porphyry complex.
An extensive development of igneous breccia is present in the porphyry complex; it appears to have formed around the margins of the quartz porphyry, when it intruded. This breccia forms an important locus for the better grade copper mineralisation at Henry's Hill. To the north of Quebrada Majaz, there is an extensive area of phreato-magmatic breccia. This outcrops poorly, forming steep, almost inaccessible cliffs; these have formed where the breccia was silicified, and are almost featureless.
The dominant alteration at Rio Blanco is a huge phyllic zone, some 5 km2 in area, with evidence of an overprinted potassic zone. The phyllic alteration at Rio Blanco is not typical of porphyry systems, and is intense. The pyrite content is low for a phyllic zone.
There is evidence for the existence of a widespread advanced argillic overprint at Rio Blanco. But the extent of the clay development is not great, typically in the range 5-15% of the rock by volume. The diagnostic minerals are kaolinite, alunite (although not abundant), and pale epithermal rutile. Rare andalusite is present and energite has been observed.
The phyllic alteration at Rio Blanco extends only a limited distance into the granodiorite batholith (seldom more than 100m), giving way to weakly developed propylitic alteration. To the north of Quebrada Majaz, the phyllic zone extends into the phyllites.
Known limits of hydrothermal alteration and elevated copper values found in stream silt sediments and rock chip samples from bedrock indicate that the mineralised system may have a large areal extent of 25 km2.
Oxidation Profile
The oxidation profile is of paramount importance in most porphyry systems. At Rio Blanco, the oxidation profile is exceptional in several ways. Firstly, Rio Blanco displays one of the few well-developed supergene copper blankets in Northern Peru and Ecuador. Secondly, the dominant supergene copper minerals in porphyry systems worldwide are chalcocite, digenite and covellite, in that order of abundance. The dominant mineral at Rio Blanco is covellite, and supergene blankets that consist dominantly of covellite are uncommon. Thirdly, the leached cap at Rio Blanco is dominantly goethitic. But the most striking anomaly at Rio Blanco is the extremely steep topography, and the obvious correspondence of the better supergene copper intersections with the ridge crest of Henry's Hill (they occur 50 to 150 meters below the ridge crest).
From the surface, the oxidation profile at Rio Blanco is as follows:
- The Leached Cap is typically from 50 to 150 metres thick, although it varies from 12 to 240 metres in thickness. Oxidation is almost complete (dominantly goethite). The Leached Cap typically contains < 0.2 % total Sulphur.
- The Transition Zone is of limited extent. It is typically only a few metres to a few tens of metres thick, but because it is interdigitate with the Oxide Zone and the Supergene Zone its shape is irregular. By definition, it contains both oxides (dominantly goethite), and supergene copper minerals (covellite, chalcocite, digenite). But it contains little or no malachite, azurite, cuprite, or neotocite. Essentially, 'oxide' copper minerals are absent (as they are in most porphyry copper deposits in northern Peru and Ecuador).
- The Supergene Zone varies from a few metres to 240 metres in thickness. The most striking control of the supergene mineralisation is topographical. The better intersections are aligned with the ridge-crest of Henry's Hill; not only that they correspond well with the wider parts of it. The existence of perched supergene sulphides in RB-21 indicates that an originally much more extensive blanket has been destructively dissected.
The dominant minerals in the Supergene Zone are covellite (typically the covellite grains have relict cores of chalcopyrite), chalcocite and digenite. The reported solubility is high (averaging 88%).
- The Mixed Zone is usually a few metres thick, but in places it is tens of metres thick. By definition is contains chalcopyrite together with covellite, chalcocite and digenite (and rare bornite).
- The Hypogene Zone contains chalcopyrite, with minor quantities of other copper minerals (principally covellite and bornite).
Mineralogy
Mineralisation in the zone of secondary enrichment is characterised by chalcocite and covellite, which are found as disseminations, in veinlets and as fracture fillings, forming halos and sub-halos around chalcopyrite crystals and as patinas coating pyrite crystals. It has been estimated that the ratio of chalcocite to covellite is approximately 1.2. Pyrite is abundant and molybdenum grades in this zone are similar to those of the underlying primary ore.
In the transitional zone the blanket is partially destroyed. In this transition zone, limonite (including haematite) coexists with chalcocite, covellite and pyrite. Average copper grades are generally less than those of the corresponding primary ore. In the case of the mixed zone, a generally immature mixed mineral zone is formed, composed of pyrite, chalcopyrite and covellite/chalcocite.
HISTORY OF THE RIO BLANCO PROJECT
Rio Blanco was discovered in 1994 through regional reconnaissance work undertaken by Newcrest Mining of Australia. Detailed stream sediment and rock chip sampling led to the identification of mineralised porphyry with stronger copper than gold potential. As Newcrest's principal interest was in gold, the project was optioned in 1996 to Cyprus Amax, who completed 18 diamond drill holes totalling over 5,000 metres. The drill results intersected significant enriched copper mineralisation at Henry's Hill and a recommendation was proposed for a further 3,500 metre drill programme on the area in 1999. However, Cyprus Amax was acquired at that time by Phelps Dodge Corporation which subsequently relinquished their rights in the project.
In 2000, Gitennes Exploration Inc (TSX listed-GIT) acquired the divestment package of Peruvian assets from Newcrest and in turn optioned the Rio Blanco project to Monterrico in the following year. In 2003, after successful results from the initial drilling programme, the Company negotiated the acquisition of 100% of the Rio Blanco project.
Several prospective target areas were identified within the limits of the Monterrico concessions; the most advanced being the Henry's Hill target. A Pre Feasibility Study on Henry's Hill was completed in 2003; this study examined a 10 million tonne per annum operation.
Satisfied and encouraged by the results from the study, the Company commenced a Detailed Feasibility Study ("DFS") in 2004. Following, the continued success of the exploration programme throughout 2004, the scope of the DFS was altered to produce both copper and molybdenum concentrates and the treatment rate for the Base Case operation was expanded to 25 million tonnes of ore per annum. During 2005 and 2006, the remit of the DFS was further expanded to investigate and improve the configuration of the various elements of the Project. The DFS was completed in December 2006 and the results were presented in a press release on 5 February 2007.
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